THE DEFENSE PERIOD OF AKSIKENT CITY IN THE EARLY 13TH CENTURY: CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND SIGNIFICANCE

Abstract

This article analyzes the defensive wall surrounding the inner citadel (shahristan) of Axsikent (Axsikat), one of the major historical cities of the Fergana Valley. The study covers the period from ancient times to the first quarter of the 13th century, focusing on the development stages of the city's powerful defensive structures. It presents information on the architectural features of the walls at each stage, construction techniques, and materials used. The research also examines the economic, political, and military factors that influenced the construction of the walls during different periods. Particular attention is given to the inner citadel wall built in the early 13th century, analyzing the reasons for its construction, its structural solutions, and its political and military significance. The architectural characteristics of this wall, identified during archaeological excavations at sites XVIII–XIX, are discussed in detail. Additionally, archaeological findings, especially ceramic artifacts, which help determine the preservation level and chronological attribution of the wall, are included. The article also explores the impact of wall construction on urban development, its role in ensuring the population’s security, and its connection with urban planning processes of the period.